train the young homers alone, so that they may become independent of the older birds. When thoroughly trained they may be flown over long distances about once a week. The Belgian fanciers generally divide their birds into two classes, one for breeding and the other for racing, though the latter are allowed to breed within certain limits. Some fanciers always choose birds with chicks in the nest for long journeys, claiming that they return faster with this incentive. A seamless metal ring marked with the owner’s name is slipped over the foot of the pigeon when only a few days old, and during its racing career the longer wing-feathers are stamped with the bird’s records. At the start of a race the competing birds are tossed together by a starter who takes the time. Upon being released the homer ascends rapidly in spirals until, apparently descrying some familiar landmark on the horizon, it will fly straight and swiftly towards it. As the birds enter their home-lofts the time is taken by the owner. A bird is not considered to have got “home” until It has actually passed through the door of its loft.
PIGEON POST. The use of homing pigeons to carry messages is as old as Solomon, and the ancient Greeks, to whom the art of training the birds came probably from the Persians, conveyed the names of Olympic victors to their various cities by this means. Before the electric telegraph this method of communication had a considerable vogue amongst stockbrokers and
financiers. The Dutch government established a civil and
military pigeon system in Java and Sumatra early in the 19th
century, the birds being obtained from Bagdad. Details of
the employment of pigeons during the siege of Paris in 1870–71
will be found in the article Post and Postal Service: France.
This led to a revival in the training of pigeons for military
purposes. Numerous private societies were established for
keeping pigeons of this class in all important European countries;
and, in time, various governments established systems of communication
for military purposes by pigeon post. When the
possibility of using the birds between military fortresses had
been thoroughly tested attention was turned to their use for
naval purposes, to send messages between coast stations and
ships at sea. They are also found of great use by news agencies
and private individuals. Governments have in several countries
established lofts of their own. Laws have been passed making
the destruction of such pigeons a serious offence; premiums to
stimulate efficiency have been offered to private societies, and
rewards given for destruction of birds of prey. Pigeons have
been used by newspapers to report yacht races, and some yachts
have actually been fitted with lofts. It has also been found of
great importance to establish registration of all birds. In order
to hinder the efficiency of the systems of foreign countries,
difficulties have been placed in the way of the importation of
their birds for training, and in a few cases falcons have been
specially trained to interrupt the service in war-time, the
Germans having set the example by employing hawks against
the Paris pigeons in 1870–71. No satisfactory method of
protecting the weaker birds seems to have been evolved, though
the Chinese formerly provided their pigeons with whistles and
bells to scare away birds of prey.
In view of the development of wireless telegraphy the modern tendency is to consider fortress warfare as the only sphere in which homing pigeons can be expected to render really valuable services. Consequently, the British Admiralty has discontinued its pigeon service, which had attained a high standard of efficiency, and other powers will no doubt follow the example. Nevertheless, large numbers of birds are, and will presumably continue to be, kept at the great inland fortresses of France, Germany and Russia.
See L. de Puy de Podio, Die Brieftaube in der Kriegskunst (Leipzig, 1872), Brinckmeier, Anzucht, Pflege, und Dressur der Brieftauben (Ilmenau, 1891).
PIGEON-SHOOTING, a form of sport consisting of shooting at live pigeons released from traps. The number of traps, which are six-sided boxes, falling flat open at The release of a spring, is usually five, these are arranged 5 yds. apart on the arc of a circle of which the shooter forms the centre. The distance (maximum) is 31 yds., handicapping being determined by shortening the distance. The five traps are each connected by wires with a case (“the puller”), a single string
pulled by a man stationed at the side of the shooter works an
arrangement of springs and cog-wheels in the “puller,” and
lets fall one of the traps, it is impossible to know beforehand
which trap will be released. At a fixed distance from the centre
of the traps is a boundary within which the birds hit must fall
if they are to count to the shooter. This line varies in distance
in the various clubs, the National Gun Club boundary being
65 yds., that of the Monaco Club being only 20 yds. The
charge of shot allowed must not exceed 1 oz. The best type
of pigeon is the blue rock. From the start of the Hurlingham
Club at Fulham in 1867 pigeon-shooting was a favourite sport
there; it was, however, stopped in 1906. The principal pigeon shooting
centre in England is now at the National Gun Club
grounds at Hendon. The great international competitions and
sweepstakes take place at Monaco. An artificial bird of clay,
now more usually of a composition of pitch, is often substituted
for the live pigeon. These clay birds are also sprung from
traps. This sport originated in the United States, where, under
the name of “ trap-shooting,” or inanimate bird shooting, it is
extremely popular. At first the traps invented threw the birds
with too great regularity of curve, now the traps throw the
birds at different and unknown angles, and the skill required
is great. In clay-bird shooting the traps usually number
fifteen, and are out of sight of the shooter. The Inanimate
Bird Shooting Association in England was started in 1893.
PIGMENTS (Lat. pigmentum, from pingere, to paint). It is
convenient to distinguish between pigments and paints, the
latter being prepared from the former by the addition of a
vehicle or medium. Nor are pigments and dyes identical,
although there are cases in which the same colouring matter
which yields a dye or stain may give rise to a pigment. A
pigment is, in fact, a substance which is insoluble in the vehicle
with which it is mixed to make a paint, while a dye is soluble.
Pigments exhibit various degrees of transparency and opacity,
and ought to possess such qualities as these: ease in working,
chemical indifference to each other and, generally, to the vehicles
employed, also stability under exposure to light and air. As a
rule, it is desirable that pigments should not be seriously affected
in hue by the vehicle; at all events, whatever change does occur
ought to admit of calculation. In the case of oil colours it
should be remembered that a thorough drying of the paint is
preferable to the formation of a surface-skin, and that a few
pigments, notably white lead, possess properties conducing
to this desirable result. It is scarcely necessary to add to
these general observations concerning pigments that their
artistic value depends primarily upon the nature and amount of the optical sensation which they are competent to produce.
Although the number of available pigments is great, the number of chemical elements which enter into their composition is not large. Very many richly-coloured compounds cannot be employed because they lack the properties of insolubility, inertness and stability. Pigments are drawn from various sources. Some are natural, some artificial; someSources. are inorganic, some organic, some are elements, some mixtures, some compounds. It is not unusual to arrange them into two groups, substantive and adjective. Amongst the members of the former group such a pigment as vermilion, where each particle is homogeneous, may be cited as an example. Amongst the adjective pigments rose-madder may be named, for each particle consists of a colourless base on which a colouring matter (alizarin) has been thrown. Most of the inorganic pigments, whether natural or artificial, belong to the substantive group, while there are many organic pigments, notably those of artificial origin, which are of adjective character. The following table presents a summary classification of pigments according to their source or origin:—
| Mineral pigments · | Natural; as terre verse. |
| Artificial; as aureolin. | |
| Organic pigments · | Animal; as carmine. |
| Vegetable; as madder-lake. | |
| Artificial; as alizarin-orange. |
A variety of processes are in use in order to fit natural coloured substances for employment as pigments. The first step is,
